Fundamentals of IoT (Internet of Things) hptu MBA 3RD SEM DETAILED NOTES

 

🌐 Unit 1 – Fundamentals of IoT (Internet of Things)

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🔹 1. Introduction to IoT (Internet of Things)

🪄 Hinglish Explanation:

IoT ka matlab hota hai Internet of Things, yaani “Cheezon ka Internet.”
Aaj ke time me hum sirf mobile aur computer ko hi internet se nahi jodte, balki physical objects (jaise smart watch, fridge, car, CCTV, bulb) bhi internet se connected hote hain.
In devices ke andar sensors, actuators, processor aur communication module hota hai, jisse ye devices apas me data share karte hain, aur smart decision lete hain bina human interference ke.

👉 Example:

• Smart bulb apne aap light on kar deta hai jab andhera ho jata hai.

• Smartwatch heart rate check karke phone pe data bhej deti hai.

• Smart car apne aap traffic alert deti hai.

IoT ka main aim hai “Make devices smart and connected.”

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🪄 Easy English Version:

The Internet of Things (IoT) means connecting physical objects to the internet.
These objects — like smartwatches, cars, refrigerators, or home devices — collect and share data automatically.
They have sensors, processors, and communication modules that allow them to interact with each other without human help.

Example:
Smart lights that turn on automatically, smartwatches that monitor your health, and smart cars that send alerts.

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🔹 2. Definitions of IoT

Hinglish:

IoT ki alag-alag organizations ne apni definition di hai:

Source	Definition (Simple)
ITU (International Telecommunication Union)	IoT ek global infrastructure hai jo physical aur virtual “things” ko connect karke advanced services provide karta hai.
Gartner	A network of physical objects that use embedded technology to sense, communicate, or interact.
Kevin Ashton (Father of IoT)	Computers ko duniya ke objects ko samajhne aur sense karne ki power dena — bina insaan ke input ke.

🧠 Fact:
Kevin Ashton ne “Internet of Things” term 1999 me diya tha.

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Easy English:

IoT is defined as a global network connecting physical and virtual things to exchange data and provide smart services.
Kevin Ashton introduced the term “Internet of Things” in 1999.

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🔹 3. Characteristics of IoT

Hinglish:

IoT ke kuch main features ya characteristics ye hain:

Feature	Meaning
Connectivity	Har device internet ya network se connected hota hai.
Things / Objects	Real-world objects jo data share karte hain.
Data	IoT system data par based hota hai.
Intelligence	Devices apne aap smart decision le sakte hain.
Dynamic Nature	Devices aur data environment ke according change hote rehte hain.
Scalability	Millions of devices ek sath connect ho sakte hain.
Interoperability	Different company ke devices bhi ek sath kaam kar sakte hain.

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Easy English:

IoT systems are connected, intelligent, dynamic, and scalable.
They rely on data, can make smart decisions, and allow interoperability between different devices.

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🔹 4. IoT Architecture

Hinglish:

IoT architecture batata hai ki poora system kaise kaam karta hai – sensors se data collect karna, internet se bhejna, aur user tak pahunchana.

3-Layer Architecture:

Layer	Work	Example
Perception Layer	Data collect karta hai sensors se.	Temperature sensor
Network Layer	Data ko cloud tak bhejta hai.	Wi-Fi, Bluetooth
Application Layer	User ko service provide karta hai.	Smart home app

5-Layer Architecture (Advanced):

1️⃣ Perception → sensing
2️⃣ Transport → secure transfer
3️⃣ Processing → data storage & analysis
4️⃣ Application → service to user
5️⃣ Business → decision & system management

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Easy English:

IoT has three main layers:

• Perception Layer (sensing and collecting data),

• Network Layer (transmitting data),

• Application Layer (providing services).
  Advanced models have five layers including processing and business management.

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🔹 5. Physical Design of IoT

Hinglish:

Physical design me IoT ke hardware components aate hain — ye wo devices hain jo data collect karte hain ya action perform karte hain.

Component	Description
Things / Devices	Real-world objects jaise sensors, cameras, smartwatches.
Sensors	Environment se data collect karte hain.
Actuators	Command ke basis par action perform karte hain.
Connectivity Module	Wi-Fi, Bluetooth jaise mediums data transfer karne ke liye.
Gateway / Cloud	Data ko store aur process karte hain.

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Easy English:

Physical design includes hardware parts like sensors, actuators, devices, and connectivity modules. These collect data and send it to the cloud for processing.

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🔹 6. Logical Design of IoT

Hinglish:

Logical design me hum software aur communication logic dekhte hain — matlab data ka flow kaise hota hai aur devices kaise baat karte hain.

Element	Meaning
Functional Blocks	Device, Communication, Service, Data management, Security.
Communication Models	Device-to-Device, Device-to-Cloud, Device-to-Gateway, Backend Data Sharing.
Communication APIs	REST API, MQTT, CoAP.

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Easy English:

Logical design defines how IoT devices communicate and manage data using models like Device-to-Device and APIs like MQTT or HTTP.

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🔹 7. Enabling Technologies in IoT

Hinglish:

IoT ko possible banane wali kuch important technologies ye hain:

Technology	Role
Sensors & Actuators	Data collect aur actions perform karte hain.
RFID	Wireless identification karta hai.
WSN (Wireless Sensor Network)	Multiple sensors ko connect karta hai.
Cloud Computing	Data ko store aur process karta hai.
Big Data Analytics	Large data ka analysis karta hai.
AI & ML	Smart decision-making ke liye.
IPv6	Har device ko unique IP address deta hai.
5G	Fast connectivity provide karta hai.

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Easy English:

IoT works using technologies like sensors, RFID, cloud computing, AI, big data, and 5G — which collect, transmit, and analyze data efficiently.

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🔹 8. History of IoT

Hinglish:

Year	Event
1982	Pehla Internet-connected Coca-Cola vending machine (Carnegie Mellon University).
1990	Internet-based toaster bana.
1999	Kevin Ashton ne “IoT” term coin kiya.
2008-09	Connected devices human population se zyada ho gaye.
2010s	Smart home, wearables ka boom.
2020s	IoT = base of Smart Cities & Industry 4.0.

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Easy English:

IoT started in the 1980s with smart vending machines, named in 1999 by Kevin Ashton, and today it powers smart cities and industries.

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🔹 9. About “Things” in IoT

Hinglish:

“Things” matlab physical ya virtual objects jo uniquely identifiable hain aur data bhej/sakate hain.

Type	Example
Physical Things	Cars, Bulbs, Fridge, Sensors
Virtual Things	Software, Cloud bots

Har “thing” ke paas ek unique identity hoti hai jaise IP address ya RFID tag.

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Easy English:

Things are physical or virtual objects that can collect and exchange data — like a car, smartwatch, or software bot.

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🔹 10. Identifiers in IoT

Hinglish:

Har IoT device ko ek unique identification chahiye hoti hai, taki network me usse pehchana ja sake.

Identifier	Use
EPC (Electronic Product Code)	RFID me use hota hai.
UID (Unique Identifier)	Device ko unique ID deta hai.
IPv6	Internet address provide karta hai.
MAC Address	Local network me identification.

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Easy English:

Identifiers like EPC, UID, IPv6, and MAC address help uniquely identify every IoT device in a network.

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🔹 11. About Internet in IoT

Hinglish:

Internet IoT ka backbone hai. Ye hi medium hai jisse sab “things” data exchange karte hain.
Protocols jaise HTTP, MQTT, CoAP, TCP/IP use hote hain for communication.

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Easy English:

The internet connects all IoT devices, allowing them to share and process data using protocols like HTTP, MQTT, and TCP/IP.

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🔹 12. IoT Frameworks

Hinglish:

IoT frameworks wo software platforms hain jo developers ko IoT system banane me help karte hain.

Framework	Use
AWS IoT Core	Amazon ka platform for secure IoT connection.
Azure IoT Hub	Microsoft ka cloud IoT management.
Google Cloud IoT	Data analytics aur management.
Kaa IoT	Open-source IoT platform.
Cisco IoT Cloud Connect	Enterprise-level IoT solutions.

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Easy English:

IoT frameworks like AWS, Azure, and Google Cloud IoT provide ready tools for device connection, data management, and analytics.

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🔹 13. IoT vs M2M (Machine to Machine)

Hinglish:

Basis	IoT	M2M
Definition	Network of smart connected devices.	Machine-to-machine communication.
Connectivity	Internet-based.	Direct link (wired/wireless).
Data Storage	Cloud me.	Local server me.
Technology	AI, Cloud, Big Data.	Simple communication.
Example	Smart home system.	Vending machine alert.

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Easy English:

IoT is an advanced form of M2M — it connects devices through the internet and uses cloud, AI, and analytics, while M2M is simple machine communication.

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📚 Summary (Exam Focus):

• IoT = Network of connected smart devices.

• Introduced by Kevin Ashton (1999).

• Works on 3-layer or 5-layer architecture.

• Key Enablers → Sensors, Cloud, AI, Big Data, 5G.

• IoT ≠ M2M; IoT is broader and internet-based.

• Used in Smart Homes, Cities, Healthcare, Agriculture, Industry 4.0.

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📘 Unit II – Wireless & Wired Communication in IoT

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🔹 1. Wireless Communication in IoT

🪄 Hinglish Explanation:

IoT ke andar Wireless Communication ka bahut bada role hota hai — kyunki IoT devices mostly bina wire ke ek dusre se data exchange karte hain.
Wireless communication se devices easily connect hote hain, flexible hote hain aur energy efficient bhi.

IoT me use hone wale kuch common wireless technologies hain:
Bluetooth, ZigBee, Wi-Fi, RF Links, NFC, aur IEEE 802.15.4.

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🔸 1.1 Bluetooth

• Full Form: Bluetooth is a short-range wireless technology standard for exchanging data between devices over short distances (10–100 meters).

• Ye 2.4 GHz frequency band me kaam karta hai.

• IoT devices jaise smartwatches, headphones, aur fitness bands me use hota hai.

• Bluetooth ka latest version Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) hai, jo power saving ke liye famous hai.

Features:

• Low power consumption

• Low cost

• Secure communication

• Ideal for personal area networks (PANs)

Example:
Smartwatch se mobile phone ka data sync hona.

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🔸 1.2 ZigBee

• ZigBee ek low-power wireless communication protocol hai jo mainly sensor-based networks me use hota hai.

• Ye bhi 2.4 GHz band par kaam karta hai, par range thodi zyada hoti hai (10–100 meters).

• Ye IEEE 802.15.4 standard par based hai.

• ZigBee ka use home automation, smart lighting, aur industrial control systems me hota hai.

Advantages:

• Low cost

• Long battery life

• Reliable network (mesh network)

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🔸 1.3 Wi-Fi

• Wi-Fi sabse common wireless communication technique hai jo high data rate aur long range provide karti hai.

• Ye IEEE 802.11 standard par based hai.

• IoT me Wi-Fi ka use un devices me hota hai jahan high-speed data transfer chahiye jaise Smart TVs, Cameras, Smart Home Hubs.

Limitations:

• High power consumption

• Not suitable for battery-based sensors

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🔸 1.4 RF Links (Radio Frequency Links)

• RF Links wireless communication ka base technology hai.

• Ye data ko radio waves ke form me transmit karta hai.

• Frequency range: few kHz to GHz.

• IoT devices me RF modules ka use short distance communication ke liye hota hai (like remote controls, garage door openers, etc).

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🔸 1.5 NFC (Near Field Communication)

• NFC ek very short-range wireless communication technology hai (range < 10 cm).

• Ye mainly contactless payments, access cards, aur data sharing ke liye use hota hai.

• Example: Google Pay / Apple Pay contactless transaction.

Features:

• High security

• Easy pairing (just tap)

• Works without internet

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🔸 1.6 IEEE 802.15.4

• Ye ek standard hai jiske upar ZigBee, 6LoWPAN, aur Thread jaise IoT protocols based hain.

• Iska main focus low power and low data rate communication hai.

• IoT me ye Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) ke liye backbone technology hai.

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🪄 Easy English Version:

Wireless communication allows IoT devices to share data without physical cables.
Common wireless technologies are:

Technology	Range / Power	Use
Bluetooth	Short range (10m), low power	Smartwatch, Headphones
ZigBee	Medium range, very low power	Home automation, Sensors
Wi-Fi	Long range, high speed	Smart TVs, Cameras
RF Links	Variable range	Remote controls
NFC	Very short range	Contactless payments
IEEE 802.15.4	Standard for ZigBee & WSNs	Sensor networks

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🔹 2. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN)

🪄 Hinglish Explanation:

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) ek network hota hai jisme multiple sensor nodes ek dusre se wirelessly connected hote hain taaki environment se data collect karke process aur transmit kar sakein.

Ye IoT ka core part hai, kyunki IoT mostly sensors pe depend karta hai.

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🔸 2.1 Context of WSN

• WSN ka use un jagahon pe hota hai jahan human presence possible nahi hoti, jaise remote areas, industries, disaster zones, etc.

• WSNs collect data like temperature, humidity, pressure, motion, etc.

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🔸 2.2 The Node

Ek sensor node ek chhota device hota hai jisme ye components hote hain:

1. Sensor Unit – data collect karta hai

2. Processing Unit – data process karta hai

3. Communication Unit – data transmit karta hai

4. Power Unit – battery ya solar energy

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🔸 2.3 Connecting Nodes

Nodes apas me wireless radio se connected hote hain (Wi-Fi, ZigBee, or Bluetooth).
Ye mesh, star, ya tree topology me connected hote hain.

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🔸 2.4 Networking Nodes

Network me nodes ek Base Station (Sink Node) tak data bhejte hain.
Ye base station data ko Cloud Server tak forward karta hai.

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🔸 2.5 WSN and IoT

• WSN IoT ka backbone hai.

• Sensors real-time data collect karte hain aur IoT platform us data ko analyze karke decisions leta hai.

• Example: Smart agriculture me sensors soil moisture measure karke irrigation control karte hain.

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🪄 Easy English Version:

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are groups of sensor nodes that communicate wirelessly to collect and send data.
Each node has sensors, processors, and a transmitter.
Nodes send data to a base station, which sends it to the cloud.
WSNs form the foundation of IoT — without them, IoT devices can’t sense or respond to the environment.

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🔹 3. Wired Communication in IoT

🪄 Hinglish Explanation:

Wired communication me devices data transfer physical cables ke through karte hain.
IoT me ye use hota hai jahan high reliability, speed, aur security chahiye hoti hai — jaise industries me.

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🔸 Ethernet

• Ethernet ek wired communication standard hai.

• Ye LAN (Local Area Network) me data transfer karta hai.

• Ethernet cables (Cat5/Cat6) high speed (10 Mbps – 10 Gbps) provide karte hain.

• IoT gateways and servers mostly ethernet use karte hain for stable connection.

Advantages:

• Reliable

• High data speed

• Secure connection

Disadvantages:

• Less mobility

• Cable cost and maintenance

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🪄 Easy English:

Ethernet is a wired technology used in LANs for fast and stable data transfer.
It’s reliable, secure, and suitable for industrial IoT setups where stability is more important than mobility.

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🔹 4. IoT Protocols

IoT ke liye special communication protocols banaye gaye hain jo devices ke beech efficient data exchange karte hain.

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🔸 4.1 IPv6 (Internet Protocol Version 6)

• Internet protocol jo har IoT device ko ek unique address deta hai.

• IPv6 me 128-bit address hota hai, jo billions of devices ko connect karne ki capacity deta hai.

• IoT ke liye important hai kyunki har device ko ek unique IP chahiye hota hai.

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🔸 4.2 MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport)

• Lightweight messaging protocol (publish/subscribe model).

• Best for low bandwidth & unreliable networks.

• Use: Remote sensors, Smart Homes, Industrial IoT.

Example:
Sensor data → MQTT broker → Application dashboard.

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🔸 4.3 CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol)

• CoAP ek web transfer protocol hai specially designed for IoT devices with low power.

• Ye HTTP jaisa hota hai, par lightweight version hai.

• Use hota hai smart lights, home automation me.

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🔸 4.4 XMPP (Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol)

• Originally used for instant messaging, ab IoT me bhi use hota hai.

• Supports real-time communication between devices.

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🔸 4.5 OSGi (Open Services Gateway Initiative)

• Ye middleware framework hai jisse IoT devices modular way me connect hote hain.

• Allows updating or adding new IoT services without system reboot.

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🪄 Easy English Version:

Protocol	Purpose	Use
IPv6	Provides unique address to every device	Global IoT communication
MQTT	Lightweight publish/subscribe messaging	Smart Homes, Sensors
CoAP	Web-based, low-power protocol	Smart lights, automation
XMPP	Real-time data transfer	Chatbots, live updates
OSGi	Modular software framework	Gateway management

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🧠 Exam-Oriented Summary

✅ Wireless technologies → Bluetooth, ZigBee, Wi-Fi, RF, NFC, IEEE 802.15.4
✅ WSN = Group of sensor nodes collecting environmental data.
✅ Wired communication → Ethernet (reliable and fast).
✅ IoT Protocols → IPv6 (addressing), MQTT & CoAP (communication), XMPP (messaging), OSGi (gateway framework).
✅ WSN = Backbone of IoT data collection.
✅ Wireless = flexible, Wired = stable.