AKBAR... (the Mughal emperor)

Akbar

A strong personality and a successful general, Akbar gradually expanded the Mughal Empire into much of the Indian subcontinent. His power and influence, however, spread across the continent because of Mughal military, political, cultural, and economic domination. To consolidate the great Mughal empire, Akbar established an administrative system within his entire empire and adopted a policy of reconciliation with conquered rulers through marriage and politics. To maintain peace and order in the religious and cultural spheres, he adopted policies that supported his non-Muslim followers. Examining national obligations and the ownership of the Islamic state, Akbar sought to unite the most distant lands in his empire faithfully, expressed in Indo-Persian culture, to him as emperor.

Mughal India developed a strong and stable economy, which led to increased trade and greater cultural support. Akbar himself was a master of arts and culture. He loved books, and he created a library of more than 24,000 volumes written in Sanskrit, Urdu, Persian, Greek, Latin, Arabic and Kashmiri, with many scholars, translators, artists, calligraphers, writers, bookkeepers and students. He does a lot of sorting himself into three big groups. [14] Akbar also established the Fatehpur Sikri library for women only, [15] and decided that Islamic and Hindu educational schools should be established throughout the state. He also encouraged binding books to become a top art. [14] Holy men of many religions, poets, architects, and artists embellished his court from all over the world to be read and discussed. Akbar's courts in Delhi, Agra and Fatehpur Sikri became centers of art, literature, and reading. The Timurid and Persian-Islamic culture began to blend in with the Indian subcontinent, and a distinct Indian-Persian culture developed with Mughal style, painting, and architecture. Disappointed by mainstream Islam and perhaps hoping to bring religious unity to his empire, Akbar proclaimed Din-i-Ilahi, a confession of faith, especially from Islam and Hinduism and other parts of Zoroastrianism and Christianity.

Akbar's reign had a profound effect on the course of Indian history. During his reign, the Mughal Empire tripled in size and wealth. He built a powerful military system and initiated effective political and social reforms. By eliminating sectarian taxes from non-Muslims and appointing them to senior civil and military positions, he was the first Mughal ruler to gain the credibility and credibility of indigenous studies. He possessed translated Sanskrit literature, participated in traditional ceremonies, and understood that a stable state depended on the cooperation and good of his people. Thus, the foundations of a multicultural monarchy were laid under Mughal rule during his reign. Akbar was succeeded by his son, Prince Salim, as emperor, later known as Jahangir.

A strong personality and a successful general, Akbar gradually expanded the Mughal Empire into much of India. His power and influence, however, spread across the continent because of Mughal military, political, cultural, and economic domination. To consolidate the great Mughal empire, Akbar established an administrative system within his entire empire and adopted a policy of reconciliation with conquered rulers through marriage and politics. To maintain peace and order in the religious and cultural spheres, he adopted policies that supported his non-Muslim followers. Examining national obligations and the ownership of the Islamic state, Akbar sought to unite the most distant lands in his empire faithfully, expressed in Indo-Persian culture, to him as emperor.

Mughal India developed a strong and stable economy, which led to increased trade and greater cultural support. Akbar himself was a master of arts and culture. He loved books, and he created a library of more than 24,000 volumes written in Sanskrit, Urdu, Persian, Greek, Latin, Arabic and Kashmiri, with many scholars, translators, artists, calligraphers, writers, bookkeepers and students. He does a lot of sorting himself into three big groups. [14] Akbar also established the Fatehpur Sikri library for women only, [15] and decided that Islamic and Hindu educational schools should be established throughout the state. He also encouraged binding books to become a top art. [14] Holy men of many religions, poets, architects, and artists embellished his court from all over the world to be read and discussed. Akbar's courts in Delhi, Agra and Fatehpur Sikri became centers of art, literature, and reading. The Timurid and Persian-Islamic culture began to blend in with the Indian subcontinent, and a distinct Indian-Persian culture developed with Mughal style, painting, and architecture. Disappointed by mainstream Islam and perhaps hoping to bring religious unity to his empire, Akbar proclaimed Din-i-Ilahi, a confession of faith, especially from Islam and Hinduism and other parts of Zoroastrianism and Christianity.

Akbar's reign had a profound effect on the course of Indian history. During his reign, the Mughal Empire tripled in size and wealth. He built a powerful military system and began effective political and social reforms. By eliminating sectarian taxes from non-Muslims and appointing them to senior civil and military positions, he was the first Mughal ruler to gain the credibility and credibility of indigenous studies. He possessed translated Sanskrit literature, participated in traditional ceremonies, and understood that a stable state depended on the cooperation and good of his people. Thus, the foundations of a multicultural empire were laid under Mughal rule during his reign. Akbar was succeeded by his son, Prince Salim, as emperor, later known as Jahangir.

The early years

He 

Defeated in the battle of Chausa and Kannauj in 1539 to 1541 by the armies of Sher Shah Suri, Mughal emperor Humayun fled west to Sindh. [16] There he met and married Hamida Banu Begum, 14 at the time, the daughter of Sheikh Ali Akbar Jami, a Persian teacher of Humayun's younger brother Hindal Mirza. Jalal d-din Muhammad Akbar was born the following year on 15 October 1542 [a] (fourth day of Rajab, 949 AH) at the Rajput Fortress of Amarkot in Rajputana (modern Sindh), where his parents had been granted refuge by the local Hindu ruler Rana Prasad. [18]



Akbar is still a boy

During the extended period of Humayun's deportation, Akbar grew up in Kabul with the family of his father's uncles, Kamran Mirza and Askari Mirza, and his aunts, especially Kamran Mirza's wife. He spent his youth learning to hunt, run and fight, making him a strong, powerful and courageous warrior, but he never learned to read or write. This, however, did not deter him from searching for information as is often said when he retired in the evening to study someone. [19] [20] On November 20, 1551, Humayun's younger brother, Hindal Mirza, died fighting the forces of Kamran Mirza. Upon hearing the news of his brother's death, Humayun was overcome with grief. [21]

Out of love for his brother, Humayun married Hindal's nine-year-old daughter, Ruqaiya Sultan Begum, and son Akbar. Their engagement took place in Kabul, shortly after Akbar's first election as queen in Ghazni province. [22] Humayun gave the royal couple all the wealth, the army and the followers of Hindal and Ghazni. One of Hindal's jagir was given to his nephew, Akbar, who was appointed commander and was also given the command of his uncle's army. [23] Akbar and Ruqaiya's marriage was solemnized in Jalandhar, Punjab, when they were both 14 years old. [24] She was his first wife and great queen. [25] [4]

Following the succession of Sher Shah Suri's son Islam Shah, Humayun reconquered Delhi in 1555, [26] leading the army in part given to his Persian ally Tahmasp I. A few months later, Humayun died. Akbar's bodyguard, Bairam Khan, has hidden his death in order to prepare for Akbar's succession. Akbar succeeded Humayun on February 14, 1556, [27] during a battle with Sikandar Shah to regain the Mughal throne. In Kalanaur, Punjab, 14-year-old Akbar was installed on the throne by Bairam Khan on the newly constructed, still standing platform. [28] [29] He was proclaimed the Shahanshah (Persian "King of Kings"). Bairam Khan ruled in his place until he became an elder. [30]



Akbar's genealogy down to Timur

Military campaigns

New military



Mughal Empire under Akbar (yellow)

Akbar was awarded the title “Great” for his achievements, [31] including his record of undefeated military campaigns that included Mughal rule over the Indian subcontinent. [27] The basis of this military and military operation was Akbar's strategic and strategic balance of the Mughal army. [32] The Mansabdari system in particular has been praised for its role in supporting the Mughal power during the Akbar era. The process lasted a few changes until the end of the Mughal Empire, but it gradually faltered under his successors. [32]

Changes in the organization were accompanied by new inventions made of wood, walls, and the use of elephants. [31] Akbar also took an interest in matchlocks and used them successfully during various disputes. He sought help from the Ottomans, and more and more Europeans, especially Portuguese and Italians, bought guns and weapons. [33] Mughal guns in Akbar's time were much better than anything that could be used by regional rulers, volumes, or zamindars. [34] It was then that the influence of these weapons was that Akbar's Vizier, Abul Fazl, once declared that "apart from Turkey, there is probably no country whose weapons are more effective in protecting the State than in [India]." The term “gunfire empire” is thus often used by scholars and historians to analyze the success of the Mughals in India. Mughal power was seen as a result of their military success, especially the use of Akbar-inspired firearms. [36]

Fighting for North India



Mughal Emperor Akbar trains the elephant

Akbar's father Humayun had returned to control the Punjab, Delhi, and Agra with the support of Safavid, but even in these areas Mughal rule was in jeopardy, and when Surs conquered Agra and Delhi after Humayun's death, the future of the emperor's son seemed uncertain. Akbar's shortcomings and the lack of military assistance from the Mughal fortress of Kabul, which was under attack from Badakhshan Governor Prince Mirza Suleiman, exacerbated the situation. [37] While his commander, Bairam Khan, called on the military council to seize control of Mughal forces, none of Akbar's officials agreed. Bairam Khan eventually succeeded in defeating the nobles, however, and it was decided that the Mughals would march against the most powerful Syrian ruler, Sikandar Shah Suri, in the Punjab. Delhi remained under the control of Tardi Baig Khan. [37] Sikandar Shah Suri, however, did not show much concern for Akbar, [38] and avoided war as the Mughal army approached. called himself a Hindu emperor and drove the Mughals from the Indo-Gangetic plains. [37]

Encouraged by Bairam Khan, who reorganized the Mughal army before Hemu consolidated his position, Akbar marched to Delhi to retake it. [39] His army, led by Bairam Khan, defeated Hemu and the army of Sur on 5 November 1556 at the Second Battle of Panipat, about 50 miles [80 km] north of Delhi. Shortly after the war, Mughal forces occupied Delhi and Agra. Akbar made the victory

 entered victoriously in Delhi, where he stayed for a month. After that he and Bairam Khan returned to Punjab to face Sikandar Shah, who was also active. [41] Over the next six months, the Mughals won another major battle with Sikander Shah Suri, who fled east to Bengal. Akbar and his troops settled in Lahore and captured the Multan in Punjab. In 1558, Akbar captured Ajmer, the destination for Rajputana, after the defeat and escape of its Muslim ruler. [41] The Mughals also besieged and defeated the forces of Sur that controlled Gwalior Fort, the largest refuge north of the Narmada River. [41]

Royal begum, along with the Mughal amirs' families, were eventually brought from Kabul to India at that time - according to Akbar's vizier, Abul Fazl, who was familiar with it. " This was far from the political settlement of his grandfather, Babur, and his father, Humayun, both of whom did little to show that they were nothing but passing emperors. [37] [41] However, Akbar reconstructed the Timurid Renaissance history that his ancestors had left behind. . [42]

Expansion of Central India



Akbar, a Mughal official, and a chief of staff accompanied by his bodyguard, Bairam Khan

By 1559, the Mughals had launched a drive south to Rajputana and Malwa. [43] However, Akbar's alliance with his regent, Bairam Khan, temporarily halted the expansion. [43] The young governor, at the age of eighteen, wanted to play a significant role in the administration of affairs. Encouraged by his adoptive mother, Maham Anga, and his relatives, Akbar decided to offer Bairam Khan's services. After another argument in court, Akbar finally expelled Bairam Khan in the spring of 1560 and ordered him to leave the Hajj for Mecca. [44] Bairam Khan left for Mecca but on his way was stabbed by his opponents to revolt. [40] He was defeated by the Mughal army in the Punjab and was forced to send. Akbar forgave him, however, and gave him the opportunity to continue in his courtroom or to resume his tour; Bairam chose the following. [45] Bairam Khan was later killed on his way to Mecca, allegedly by an Afghan man carrying a vendetta. [43]

In 1560, Akbar resumed military service. [43] The Mughal army under the command of his adopted brother, Adham Khan, and the Mughal commander, Pir Muhammad Khan, began the conquest of Mughal Malwa. The ruler of Afghanistan, Baz Bahadur, was defeated in the Battle of Sarangpur and fled to Kandesh, where he sought refuge with his queens, wealth and war elephants. [43] Despite the initial success, the campaign proved to be a disaster in Akbar's view. His foster brother kept all the spoils and followed the Central Asian custom of slaughtering a devotional institution, his wives and children, and many Islamic and Syrian scholars, who were descendants of Muhammad. [43] Akbar himself rode to Malwa to confront Adham Khan and release him. Pir Muhammad Khan was then sent to chase Baz Bahadur but was also beaten by a coalition of rulers from Kandesh and Berar. [43] Baz Bahadur was once again able to take control of Malwa, and the following year, Akbar sent another Mughal army to invade and unite the empire. [43] Malwa became the provincial administrative authority of the Akbar dynasty. Baz Bahadur survived as a refugee in various courts until, eight years later in 1570, he began working under Akbar. [43]



Abdul Rahim Khan-The youngest Khana of Bairam Khan accepted by Akbar

Despite the great success in Malwa, the war marked cracks in Akbar's relationship with his relatives and Mughal officials. When Adham Khan confronted Akbar following another dispute in 1562, he was beaten by the emperor and thrown into a dungeon and entered the palace courtyard in Agra. While still alive, Adham Khan was dragged up and thrown into the yard and by Akbar to confirm his death. Akbar now wants to end the threat of powerful topics. [43] Establishes special Ministerial posts relating to the administration of chiefs; no member of the Mughal nobleman would have been beyond doubt. [43] When a powerful family of Uzbek kings rebelled against the rebellion in 1564, Akbar firmly decided and defeated them in Malwa and Bihar. [46] He forgave the rebellious leaders, hoping to reconcile them, but they rebelled again, so Akbar had to put an end to their second rebellion. After the third revolt by the proclamation of Mirza Muhammad Hakim, Akbar's brother and the Mughal emperor of Kabul, as emperor, his patience finally came to an end. Several Uzbek officials were killed and then rebel leaders trampled to death under elephants. [46] At the same time the Mirzas, a group of distant Akbar's cousins ​​who were carrying important fiefs near Agra, were also awake. They too were killed and expelled from the kingdom. [46] In 1566, Akbar moved to meet the forces of his brother, Muhammad Hakim, who had entered the Punjab in a dream to take the throne. After a brief debate, Muhammad Hakim accepted Akbar's supremacy and returned to Kabul. [46]

In 1564, Mughal forces began to conquer Garha, a small, hilly area of ​​central India that was interested in the Mughals because of its herd of wild elephants. [47] The area was owned by Raja Vir Narayan, a young man, and his mother, Durgavati, the heroine of the Rajput Rajput Gonds. [46] Akbar did not personally lead the campaign because he was busy with the Uzbek rebellion, leaving the campaign in the hands of Asaf Khan, the Mughal ruler of Kara. [46] [48] Durgavati committed suicide after his defeat in the Battle of Damoh, while Raja Vir Narayan was killed in the Fall of Chauragarh, a mountain fort in the gonds